Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash

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Garbage Land: On the Secret Trail of Trash

3.75 of 5 stars 3.75 · rating details · 879 ratings · 213 reviews

Out of sight, out of mind ... Into our trash cans go dead batteries, dirty diapers, bygone burritos, broken toys, tattered socks, eight-track cassettes, scratched CDs, banana peels.... But where do these things go next? In a country that consumes and then casts off more and more, what actually happens to the things we throw away? In Garbage Land, acclaimed science writer E...more

Paperback, 311 pages

Published August 29th 2006 by Back Bay Books (first published 2005)

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Apr 18, 2011 Petra X rated it 3 of 5 stars Recommends it for: People who read anything, even cereal packets

Shelves: popculture-anthropology

This is a very dense book that appears to cover every possible aspect of garbage disposal and recycling in New York in particular and California and other states in general. Its quite interesting and very worthy and ... ultimately meaningless as a statistic towards the end reveals that only 2% of all garbage is household waste. The rest of it is industrial, primarily manufacturing and commercial, mostly restaurants and fast food outlets. One of the quite shocking (if you imagine this planet weig...more

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May 21, 2008 Kirby rated it 4 of 5 stars Recommends it for: litterbugs, global warming skeptics, people who watched roc

Shelves: wonktastic

The set-up is straightforward. Royte follows her trash wherever it leads her: to the sanitation truck, to the waste transfer station in Bayridge, to private landfills in Bethlehem, PA, to waste-to-energy facilities in Newark, NJ, to paper/metal/plastic recycling facilities in Staten Island, Jersey City, and Long Island respectively, to her neighbor's composting bin, to the water treatment plants in Owls Head, and yes, she even follows the trail of her poo to Hunts Point in the Bronx. (That is de...more The set-up is straightforward. Royte follows her trash wherever it leads her: to the sanitation truck, to the waste transfer station in Bayridge, to private landfills in Bethlehem, PA, to waste-to-energy facilities in Newark, NJ, to paper/metal/plastic recycling facilities in Staten Island, Jersey City, and Long Island respectively, to her neighbor's composting bin, to the water treatment plants in Owls Head, and yes, she even follows the trail of her poo to Hunts Point in the Bronx. (That is dedication, people.) In sum, her work is an effort to be fully accountable for the waste she produces and the waste that she tries to divert. It's pretty outstanding in concept and in practice.

Some of what she reveals during her journey I expected, but was still saddened/angered by, e.g., that 2/3 of New York's residential and commercial waste flows through the city’s poorest communities—Hunts Point, which sustains up to 20,000 diesel truck trips per week, and Greenpoint, which has the highest concentration of airborne lead and the second-highest rate of asthma in the city. Waste companies across the country, much like the railroad and coal industries decades before them, gladly pay "host fees" to cash-starved rural towns and counties who rely almost exclusively on these funds to meet important public initiatives and also almost exclusively bear the brunt of illness and disease that result from the attendant air, water, and land contamination. Pennsylvania alone has 51 landfills of trash, mainly from NY/NJ, and made $40 million in 2002 from out-of-state dumping. That trash is big business is disheartening from virtually every perspective.

A few elements of her various trails were new to me, e.g., international impact of our domestic efforts to be green. For example, some of New York’s e-waste—old computer monitors and other electronic products gathered in feel-good citywide recycling events—is sent from Manhattan to Guiyu, China where men, women, and children wearing no protective gear mix nitric acid in open vats to extract gold components from these items. Developing nations absorb much of the scrap iron, paper, and plastic that we recycle, but have little by way of worker rights. Add to this that many of the least pleasant jobs in the U.S. necessary for successful reuse efforts often involve a similarly invisible and neglected workforce of Black, Latino, and increasingly elderly populations. The intentional non-mention of this reality, which Royte calls “the dark underside of the green revolution,” is disingenuous and justifies lingering class resentment/suspicion of environmental awareness efforts.

The numbers and information she dropped on the industry-based political analysis were humbling. Virgin papermaking is destructive beyond the harm done to trees, as it is the third largest source of greenhouse gases and requires the dumping of billions of contaminated water. The government provides this industry with $2.6 billion of tax subsidies; recycling and reuse industries get nothing. Royte saved her biggest statistical reveal for the last chapter though: of all the waste generated in the U.S., municipal solid waste (what they pick up from the curb) accounts for only 2% of the total. The other 98% comes from mining and agricultural waste, oil and gas waste, construction and demolition waste, incinerator ash, hazardous waste, etc. This ratio is straight crazy and begs the question of whether we should do anything at all as individuals.

It is clear that large-scale changes in corporate behavior will come only with legislation. Royte repeatedly noted that the European Union is way ahead of the U.S., e.g., building the cost of recycling into the prices of various goods, in virtually every area, but I wanted more from her on the reasons for this. Are the markets there stronger for recycled goods? Does the proximity of EU member-states to each other create an atmosphere for more collective discussion of environmental issues? Are they just superior beings?

Corny as it sounds, I am motivated to make small and large changes in my behavior after reading this, even knowing of the minimal impact. I have no excuse for not recycling pretty much every scrap of paper; I can make buying recycled goods and earth-friendly household products a habit. I can buy and drive less.

At the end, Royte says that one of the most important things she learned in her research was the names of her local sanitation workers. I groaned out loud, but I get her point. Waste everywhere affects someone somewhere and usually in very harmful ways and her connection to her san men makes her mindful of the human impact of her choices. I'm for that.
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Mar 23, 2007 oriana rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: read-2007, phenomenal

I have been told to read this book for months and months. Finally got around to it, and I am so glad I did. Garbage Land is a completely accessible, extremely well written contemporary history of the garbage industry, with chapters on landfills, composting, glass recycling, plastics (called 'the devil's resin'), etc. I learned so much from reading this book. It includes great ideas for future sustainability, like making manufacturers responsible for disposing of the materials their goods come in...more

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Oct 01, 2007 Ro rated it 3 of 5 stars Recommends it for: Carla, Char

This is a fascinating book about the path our trash and recycling take once they leave the bins outside our houses. I found the author a bit critical, aka mean, in her writing of the people she encountered that were 'in the business' of trash. She wasn't critical of what they did, rather, how it was they looked. If I read one more description of a "rounded faced man" I would have had to close the book for good. These repetitive descriptors distracted me from the topic at hand.

Overall, I think s...more

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Mar 13, 2013 The Hermit's rated it 3 of 5 stars

This was a timely and much needed contemporary look at garbage and how our wasteful consumerist lifestyle physically affects us and the rest of the world. I respect the 'fieldwork' that Mrs. Royte pursued in getting her story across and I can see how this might be fascinating to an upper middle class city dweller who almost never sees how their refuse interacts with the environment but to the rest of us exburb/country folk it's pretty obvious. We live near landfills and can see the process happe...more

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Jul 11, 2011 Sheather Nelson rated it 2 of 5 stars

Royte, a New Yorker, attempts to follow all of her trash, recyclables, and even human waste to its ultimate end point in this book that examines the many options we have for cleaning up -- or passing the buck on -- the waste we create as a species. On the plus side, the book really challenges assumptions about the extent of the positive impact of actions like recycling. On the downside: Royte is very into lists of numbers that make you zone out, and the physical description of one waste collecti...more

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Dec 05, 2011 Nenia Campbell rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: x-2005s

I remember when I was a kid I got into trouble for throwing a battery into the regular trash. “But why, daddy?” I asked. “It's garbage.” My dad said, “Because when the battery gets old, it leaks, and acid comes out. The acid is toxic and very bad for the environment.” He put the battery into a paper bag marked “dead batteries” and told us that if we ever found any batteries lying around and if they tested negative, we should toss them into the bag so he could take them to a local facility that r...more I remember when I was a kid I got into trouble for throwing a battery into the regular trash. “But why, daddy?” I asked. “It's garbage.” My dad said, “Because when the battery gets old, it leaks, and acid comes out. The acid is toxic and very bad for the environment.” He put the battery into a paper bag marked “dead batteries” and told us that if we ever found any batteries lying around and if they tested negative, we should toss them into the bag so he could take them to a local facility that recycled old, electronic parts that most waste dumps weren't allowed to take.

Recycling has always been a pretty big thing in our family. At home, we have a green waste container (soiled paper, some kinds of wax, meat and vegetable products, lawn clippings), a recycling bin, and a significantly smaller trash can. I think the sanitation departments have been shrinking trash can sizes to provide more of an incentive to recycle—don't you have to pay extra if your trash is overflowing? I don't think people realize just how much really is recyclable. Or they're just too lazy, and figure throwing their soda bottle into the garbage isn't going to kill off any endangered species this ONE time.

Elizabeth Royte's book shows why taking a blasé attitude toward trash is NOT a good idea. She talks about leachate (the toxic run-off from dumps consisting of commingled food waste, feces, acids, and various other chemical and biological wastes in their marvelous, sludgy form) and how many of the dumps are unsuitably equipped to deal with these toxics in the long term. In fact, a vast majority of dumps are just ticking time bombs of yuck waiting to go off. Many standard waste dumps produce run-off that is just as toxic as that of TOXIC waste dumps. Which makes you think twice about the contents of your own garbage, doesn't it?

I've always been shocked at what people are willing to throw away. Furniture, electronics, TVs (the plasma TV in our apartment came from a dump; someone threw it away because they ruined one of the buttons), computers, books, CDs. Once, I was taking out some recyclables and found a stack of CDs in the trash. Most were crap, or bootlegs, but there were a few good ones, like a decent Beatles cover band I salvaged for my Beatle-core buddy. We really have grown frighteningly materialistic as a society, unable to appreciate the value of the objects we own. Not if our first impulse is “pitch it!” when something goes wrong.

Ms. Royte points out that part of this is due to the fact that recycling, or even just repairing, has become so difficult. Sometimes it's cheaper to buy a new item than to pay to get it fixed, especially if it keeps breaking. For example, I used to play piccolo. My piccolo cost about $600. It broke three times and cost an extortionate amount of money each time. Had I paid for the third repair (by which point, I had given up), I would have paid more than the instrument's original cost. It would have been cheaper to JUNK IT and buy a new one than to keep getting it fixed.

Another reason is that companies—paper companies, for example—receive discounts for purchasing large tracts of forested land, which makes producing virgin paper cheaper than producing recycled paper. Plus, recycled paper is already limited in how it can be recycled because the fibers weaken as they are rewoven into new papers. Virgin paper can be recycled nine times (until you write on it, and then it loses a couple lives), but recycled paper is already pretty low on the scale and its potential uses grow more limited (cardboard, for example, or take-out boxes).

Reading this really made me think about what kind of footprint I'm leaving on the world. I recycle all the batteries and printer cartridges in our apartment—I put them in a paper bag and when it gets full I take it to the community center, which has a collection for electronic waste. I sort out the recycling when my roommate throws plastics into the paper bin, and vice-versa. I try not to buy products that are more packaging than actual product. And I do a lot of my own cooking. In the long run, this doesn't really amount to much. My efforts are really no more than a drop in the proverbial ocean. But if a lot of people decided to monitor their behaviors more actively and took more care in deciding what they used, how they used it, and how they disposed of it, I feel like the environment would be much healthier and happier, with minimal effort on behalf of the majority. After all, that trash didn't pile up all at once. It started bit by bit. And it's going to have to be fixed bit by bit, too. So why not get cracking, then?(less)

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Jun 01, 2010 Vrinda rated it 4 of 5 stars

I was impressed by this book in terms of both writing and content. I think garbage and waste management are very interesting topics, but I wasn't expecting this book to offer such a compelling perspective!

One of the best things about Royte is that she has such a hands-on approach and a very adventurous spirit. One of her personal projects that we learn about early on is that she's weighing her garbage on a daily basis on her kitchen floor -- with rubber gloves and her 3-year-old daughter. The bo...more

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Jan 30, 2013 Chris rated it 2 of 5 stars

I picked this book up because I thought it sounded fun. What happens to our trash? How is it ultimately disposed of? What are the plans for digging our way out of our filth in the future? I have a “Wall-E” complex when it comes to envisioning an apocalyptic ending to our time on this planet as a result of our poor waste management. “Don’t sh*t where you eat” is starting to sound like the words of some ancient prophet who has foreseen our wicked ways. “Be sure your sh*t will find you out.” And, n...more I picked this book up because I thought it sounded fun. What happens to our trash? How is it ultimately disposed of? What are the plans for digging our way out of our filth in the future? I have a “Wall-E” complex when it comes to envisioning an apocalyptic ending to our time on this planet as a result of our poor waste management. “Don’t sh*t where you eat” is starting to sound like the words of some ancient prophet who has foreseen our wicked ways. “Be sure your sh*t will find you out.” And, no, not all of us will have to face the error of our ways in our lifetime, but someone will one day, and it may be sooner than we think. For centuries cities have been built on the refuse of yesteryear, but in no other time has the trash grown as exponentially per capita as it has grown in recent years. For a bird’s-eye view, check out the artwork of Chris Jordan at chrisjordan.com. Look, we have trash mountains 30 stories high. Old landfills that have been closed for years will be leaking 200 lbs a day of contaminating leachate into the ground and releasing noxious gases into the air for many, many years to come. Uh. That’s not cool.

So, this book was written in 2005. Already a little out of date, but the history of trash is still there, and I’ve learned some of the basics of potential solutions that hopefully are more advanced by now. The author has some fun describing, even making a joke of, the idiosyncrasies of the personalities and folk-culture of waste management laborers. The book swells, almost disagreeably so, with the author’s persnickety, though often humorous, cataloguing of waste-workers’ mannerisms, dress, facial features, and daily routines. Mixed-in evenly was an equally punctilious explanation of how local, national, and global efforts at waste removal and recycling has been coming along. It was exhausting. Half-page litanies of chemicals and contaminants littered the book through, and the sludging stats kept backing-up until I almost called a proof-plumber to get the story flowing again.

I truly liked it at first, and was learning a lot, but Royte is, pardon the pun, a party-pooper when it comes to writing. Okay, that was too far. Royte is truly a creative writer, and I had fun reading for a while, but she tries to plunge too much material at one time through the ole brain-pipes. Sad, but true. The pages grew longer and longer with the telling of the story, and I ended up skimming the last third of the book.
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Jun 07, 2010 Lindsey (RiverPlate / addicted2whimsy) rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: 2010-sbc, books-i-read-in-2010, environmental

This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers. To view it, click here.

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Jan 13, 2010 Mona rated it 3 of 5 stars

Shelves: non-fiction

Now more than ever, I am horrified by my trash. I like books that make me re-examine the way I think about the world. This is one of those books. After reading this book, I am even more disheartened about what I can do to shrink my impact on the planet (but I will still be vigilant and make every effort!)

This book is an eye-opener to the long-lasting effects of garbage and even recycling. The writer's style is casual and conversational, and manages to treat a heavy subject with some levity, but...more

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Mar 23, 2011 Adam rated it 4 of 5 stars

I'm going to have some reflection on where all this stuff really goes before I throw away.

I think one of two thing will happen while you read through this book:

1. You're going to feel slightly vindicated as you don't recycle

2. You're going to fee slightly disappointed as you do recycle

Recycling I guess is a good thing. Royte makes it sound as if paper and metal are the only things worth recycling. Plastic has too many variations which cannot be mixed; and requires further energy to melt into so...more I'm going to have some reflection on where all this stuff really goes before I throw away.

I think one of two thing will happen while you read through this book:

1. You're going to feel slightly vindicated as you don't recycle

2. You're going to fee slightly disappointed as you do recycle

Recycling I guess is a good thing. Royte makes it sound as if paper and metal are the only things worth recycling. Plastic has too many variations which cannot be mixed; and requires further energy to melt into some conglomerate. Glass is actually crushed back into a fine sand to be used as a layer in landfills. People in the business of recycling claim plastic to be too much of a waste of time to make any profit.

Leaving the first two R's: Reduce and Reuse the real obligations that will make a difference.

To make any kind of long standing noticeable impact on landfills is going to require a lifestyle change that nobody in America is anywhere near ready to deal with. Everything has to be new, it's cheaper to buy new than to fix, and sanitization/packaging are all part of the marketing ploy. Imagine if in the US we took up a practice like they have in Germany...Re-sterilizing containers and reusing them as they are. Would recycled containers with double or triple the labor cost more than new containers?

It's going to take a lot more than a handfull of people going poop in their backyard and taking their pedally bikes to the grocery to fill up burlap reuseable sacks. It goes all the way back to manufacturing, distribution, and packaging, then acceptance by the public before the dinky recycling at home has any impact.

For all I know we could have more then enough landfill space to use in the foreseeable future. However, I remain curious as to my impact on the landfills...and where does all of my trash and drainwater go in the end.

As others have said, lots of personal observations having more to do with the people and oddities of Royte's journey. But I think enough is still here to get you really thinking about some things. (less)

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Jul 01, 2010 Kristen added it

Shelves: informational

Wow. 300+ pages about garbage is a bit much (a somewhat slow read), but the big picture at the end was well worth it. It's one of those books that make you want to change the world.

I expected this book to list the importance of recycling to "save the earth" but ended up with the "oh, DUH!" moment that the only way to save the earth is to cut back on consuming SO MUCH STUFF. We make toxic (and non-toxic) things everyday (chemical cleaners, computers/cell phones, plastics wrappers, useless McDonal...more

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Feb 05, 2009 Bookmarks Magazine added it · review of another edition

Royte, a science writer, has written a disturbing and enlightening book about the 2 percent of our total waste stream that American households generate. Despite Garbage Land

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Feb 11, 2012 g-na rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: san-francisco

Written by a New Yorker who wanted to see what happened to the garbage she generated, Garbage Land follows trash, recycling, compost, and sewer waste through processing plants and to their ultimate destinations, wherever they may be. This book confirms the fact that Americans generate unfathomably huge amounts of trash, and the amounts are staggering. It describes many of the problems inherent with recycling programs, and talks about why plastics, for example, are rarely actually recycled. (The...more

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Jun 04, 2007 layne rated it 4 of 5 stars

I thought, as a tree-kissing, recycling-obsessed Oregonian I was doing everything right with my garbage. So did the author. I think we both realized that there isn't always a right answer no matter how much you try or how hard you try to educate yourself.

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Jun 05, 2010 Mick rated it 2 of 5 stars

I want to like this! I think it's a worthy subject, and one I'd like to know more about.

But I just can't keep reading.I'm about half way through. I think it's a little TOO detailed, with long discussions of the problems and challenges of certain kinds of waste disposal. I was hoping for a bit more narrative, a bit more authorial voice and 'adventure of trash discovery'. And it's actually an amazingly well-researched and reported discussion of trash in America, where it comes from, and how we dea...more

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Aug 09, 2011 Nikki Knox rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: true-or-mostly-true-stories

The book is written by a journalist in the New York City area that follows her household garbage to it's final destination - including landfills, recycling centers, compost facilities, etc. I really appreciate her writing style in that she included her own thoughts as she did the facts. It makes a book that covers a mundane topic (to most) very witty and revealing. She uncovers the secret paths of garbage as a detective a crime mystery. I learned many random and interesting things that I thought...more

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Mar 23, 2011 Marne rated it 5 of 5 stars

Shelves: environment

I finished Garbage Land yesterday. It's definitely worth reading despite the unpleasant topic. Although I felt a little queezy everytime I read the words "garbage juice."

I was struck most when Royte suggested that the push for people to recycle, or participate in beach cleanups, etc. are ways that companies and manufacturers shift the blame for waste from themselves to individual citizens. The author notes that for every 100 pounds of product, 3,200 pounds of waste are generated. She calls for a...more

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Feb 20, 2010 Stephanie rated it 3 of 5 stars

Elizabeth Royte opens the book by chronicling her own desire to remove the impact of her garbage footprint. I like that she discusses her struggles in weighing her own trash, figuring out what could be recycled, and also what could be reused. However, as the book continues, the reader gets overwhelmed with too many stats. I found myself skipping through places where it seemed like she was quoting from too many different sources about the impact of trash. Ultimately, I also found this book to be...more

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Dec 28, 2011 Andrea Girolamo rated it 4 of 5 stars

Scared the pants off me, as any good book about the degradation of our environment by buffoons and industry should. The only thing that holds me back from a perfect review of this book is that a) I felt Royte got too cynical in the final chapters, but perhaps that is because she started her project foolishly optimistic. I adore foolish optimists and so when she was eventually foiled, perhaps I, as the reader, was as well. Fast, funny and spanning time and industry, Garbage Land makes the garbage...more

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Jan 22, 2011 Greg Golz rated it 4 of 5 stars

Royte did a great job to blend a story of recent waste history with current and future waste issues. She does makes every attempt to track her trash. Even though she is blocked at many phone calls, Royte continues to follow the trails with anyone willing to let her ride along. So, most good reads should bring some kind of epiphany or deeper meaning. This book has many aspects to consider in life. For example, I have tried to go one day without depending on plastic - verdict, currently impossible...more

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May 18, 2011 Nicole Heggelund rated it 5 of 5 stars

This book changed my life. That's a big claim to make, but I don't think that I have ever read anything else that affected my daily life so profoundly. Elizabeth Royte's exploration of what happens to the things we throw away had me thinking about every item that I buy or discard. She covers topics ranging from our overflowing landfills to plastic pollution. Sounds like a downer, but Elizabeth Royte makes trash fascinating. Plus, her humorous accounts of the people who work behind the scenes on...more

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Mar 07, 2010 Wendy Yu rated it 4 of 5 stars

Homes didn't used to even have garbage cans 125 years ago -- everything was reused, sold to local businesses to make soap, or composted. Now, whether waste is recycled, burnt or landfilled, the short story is, it's a huge problem for the city and the environment. Landfills inevitably leak harmful chemicals into the environment. Even if you recycled 100% of everything you bought, it takes 7 to 20 times as much waste to produce an item as the end product. The short short story is, reduce consumpti...more

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Aug 04, 2011 Serena rated it 2 of 5 stars

An interesting, if somewhat overlong, look at where our trash goes. It reads a bit like a New Yorker article expanded to several hundred pages - after a few chapters of visits by the author to some or other landfill, I started to lose interest. Still, there are enough engaging and informative vignettes to make it worth a read.

I was worried the book would make me feel terribly guilty about every scrap of paper I throw away, but it's not a polemic, and deals pretty fairly with the various tradeoff...more

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Mar 18, 2010 Matt Kovalcik rated it 3 of 5 stars

Relatively exhaustive account of one woman's interest in and examination of her trash and "other" waste. The style is smug and the author is quite proud of herself for the "revelations" she uncovers--she seems to consider every person with whom she deals to be argumentative or unaware or phony--but I still found the work to be eye-opening and have some significance. I, for one, will never look at my trash the same, which is a terrible state for me personally, but perhaps an infinitesimal benefit...more

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Sep 15, 2009 Isis rated it 2 of 5 stars

Shelves: history

Abandoned. I read the first 100 pages or so, about the author's efforts to follow her own trash to the landfill, and then dipped into various sections in the back on plastics, human waste, and recycling, but I don't think I can possibly read through this dull thing. For me the problem is that it is a very specifically personal book: it is not about what happens to trash in general, it is about the NYC-based author's experiences in attempting to trace the fate of her personal trash. Maybe she was...more

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Apr 15, 2011 Marieke rated it 3 of 5 stars Recommends it for: everyone

Recommended to Marieke by: my bookshelf

Shelves: books-i-never-read-but-shoulda, non-fiction, scary, united-states, 2011, enviro-stuff, ethics, green-group, journalism-opinion, science

i learned a lot--i had some cynical suspicions confirmed but i also learned to see some things from a different perspective. some things made me feel secure about how i do certain things, others made me feel like i could do better (when can i get a composting toilet installed?? and a gray water system? i'd love to have a couple of "ponds" in my garden!). i definitely think manufacturers can do better and should be held accountable. i feel much less complacent now and i'm definitely tuned in to w...more

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May 09, 2010 Steven Monroy rated it 4 of 5 stars

Shelves: science, environment, sociology

"If the rest of the world consumed and threw items away at the same rate as the United States, we would need 4 more Earths".

Garbage Land is a personal and sociological look at America's trash.

This book has made me reconsider how my everyday habits and activities create waste, both directly and indirectly. Like most other individuals, I have taken trash collection and recycling for granted. By throwing items int he garbage, I removed them from my living area and thoughts alike. However, I am now...more

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May 19, 2010 Trena rated it 3 of 5 stars

Recommended to Trena by: random OK Cupid profile

Landfills worry me. I mean, it just can't really work to throw all kinds of toxic whatever into a hole in the ground and expect it to be OK. Elizabeth Royte went on a journey to find out what happens to the stuff she bags up and puts at the curb.

The book explores landfill-bound garbage, recycling facilities, and sewage; I appreciated the breadth, although it did mean that there weren't as many details about each item as I might hope. Still, the book is comprehensive and provides a garbage-bag's...more

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