<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<GoodreadsResponse>
	<Request>
		<authentication>false</authentication>
		    <method><![CDATA[]]></method>
	</Request>
	<author id="465">
  <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
  <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
  <fans-count type="integer">4</fans-count>
  <followers-count type="integer">0</followers-count>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1216825792p5/465.jpg</image_url>
  <about><![CDATA[Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (July 29, 1805 – April 16, 1859) was a French political thinker and historian best known for his Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). In both of these works, he explored the effects of the rising equality of social conditions on the individual and the state in western societies.

Democracy in America (1835), his major work, published after his travels in the United States, is today considered an early work of sociology and political science. An eminent representative of the classical liberal political tradition, Tocqueville was an active participant in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second Republic (1849–1851) which succeeded to the February 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's December 2, 1851 coup, and thereafter began work on The Old Regime and the Revolution, Volume I. After obtaining a law degree, Alexis de Tocqueville was named auditor-magistrate at the court of Versailles. There, he met Gustave de Beaumont, a prosecutor substitute, who collaborated with him on various literary works. Both were sent to the United States to study the penitentiary system. During this trip, they wrote Du système pénitentiaire aux Etats-Unis et de son application (1832). Back in France, Tocqueville became a lawyer. He met the English economist Nassau William Senior in 1833, and they became good friends and corresponded for many years.[1] He published his master-work, De la démocratie en Amérique, in 1835. The success of this work, an early model for the science that would become known as sociology, led him to be named chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honour) in 1837, and to be elected the next year to the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. In 1841 he was elected to the Académie française.

Tocqueville, who despised the July Monarchy (1830–1848), began his political career in the same period. Thus, he became deputy of the Manche department (Valognes), a position which he maintained until 1851. In parliament, he defended abolitionist views and upheld free trade, while supporting the colonization of Algeria carried on by Louis-Philippe's regime. Tocqueville was also elected general counsellor of the Manche in 1842, and became the president of the department's conseil général between 1849 and 1851.

Apart from Canada, Tocqueville also made an observational tour of England, producing Memoir on Pauperism. In 1841 and 1846, he traveled to Algeria. His first travel inspired his Travail sur l'Algérie, in which he criticized the French model of colonization, based on an assimilationist view, preferring instead the British model of indirect rule, which did not mix different populations together. He went as far as openly advocating racial segregation between the European colonists and the &quot;Arabs&quot; through the implementation of two different legislative systems (a half century before its effective implementation with the 1881 Indigenous code).

After the fall of the July Monarchy during the February 1848 Revolution, Tocqueville was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly of 1848, where he became a member of the Commission charged with the drafting of the new Constitution of the Second Republic (1848–1851). He defended bicameralism (two parliamentary chambers) and the election of the President of the Republic by universal suffrage. As the countryside was thought to be more conservative than the laboring population of Paris, universal suffrage was conceived as a means to block the revolutionary spirit of Paris.

During the Second Republic, Tocqueville sided with the parti de l'Ordre against the &quot;socialists&quot; and workers. A few days after the February insurrection, he believed a violent clash between the workers' population agitating in favor of a &quot;Democratic and Social Republic&quot; and ]]></about>  <influences><![CDATA[Voluntary association]]></influences>  <gender>male</gender>  <hometown>Cannes</hometown>  <born_at>07/29/1805</born_at>  <died_at>04/16/1859</died_at>  
  
  
  <books>
        <book id="16619">
  <title><![CDATA[Democracy in America]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>3.89</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>1191</ratings_count>
  <published>1835</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="448781">
  <title><![CDATA[The Old Regime and the French Revolution]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>3.64</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>73</ratings_count>
  <published>1955</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="755458">
  <title><![CDATA[MEMOIR ON PAUPERISM: Does Public Charity Produce an Idle and Dependent Class of Society?]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>4.11</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>9</ratings_count>
  <published>1990</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="570890">
  <title><![CDATA[Recollections: The French Revolution of 1848 (Social Science Classics Series)]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>3.50</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>6</ratings_count>
  <published>1970</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="2672903">
  <title><![CDATA[The Cosmos Reader]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
        <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Noam Chomsky]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/191275]]></link>
    </author>
        <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Norman Mailer]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/191276]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>3.67</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>3</ratings_count>
  <published>1971</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="782529">
  <title><![CDATA[De la démocratie en Amérique, tome 1]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>5.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>2</ratings_count>
  <published>1999</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="1400482">
  <title><![CDATA[De Tocqueville : Selections from Democracy in America : DeTocqueville]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>4.50</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>2</ratings_count>
  <published>2005</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="25779">
  <title><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville on Democracy, Revolution, and Society (Heritage of Sociology Series)]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>4.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>2</ratings_count>
  <published>1980</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="3029303">
  <title><![CDATA[A Fortnight in the Wilderness]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>4.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>1</ratings_count>
  <published>2003</published>  
  
</book>
        <book id="5047374">
  <title><![CDATA[Alexis De Tocqueville's Journey in Ireland, July-August, 1835]]></title>
  <authors>
    <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Alexis de Tocqueville]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/465.Alexis_de_Tocqueville]]></link>
    </author>
        <author>
      <name><![CDATA[Emmet Larkin]]></name>
      <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/615545]]></link>
    </author>
      </authors>
  <average_rating>3.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>1</ratings_count>
  <published>1990</published>  
  
</book>
      </books>
</author>
</GoodreadsResponse>