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  <id>255092</id>
  <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
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        <book>
  <id type="integer">454603</id>
  <isbn>0521379253</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780521379250</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">3</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Informal Logic: A Handbook for Critical Argument]]>
  </title>
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  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/454603.Informal_Logic_A_Handbook_for_Critical_Argument</link>
  <average_rating>3.91</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>11</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[This is an introductory guide to the basic principles of constructing good arguments and criticizing bad ones.  It is nontechnical in its approach, and is based on 150 key examples, each discussed and evaluated in clear, illustrative detail.  The author explains how errors, fallacies, and other key failures of argument occur.  He shows how correct uses of argument are based on sound argument strategies for reasoned persuasion and critical questions for responding.  Among the many subjects covered are: techniques of posing, replying to, and criticizing questions, forms of valid argument, relevance, appeals to emotion, personal attack, uses and abuses of expert opinion, problems in deploying statistics, loaded terms, equivocation, and arguments from analogy.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1989</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">3944651</id>
  <isbn>0521713803</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780521713801</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Informal Logic: A Pragmatic Approach]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-111x148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/3944651.Informal_Logic_A_Pragmatic_Approach</link>
  <average_rating>3.60</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>5</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Informal Logic is an introductory guidebook to the basic principles of constructing sound arguments and criticizing bad ones. Non-technical in approach, it is based on 186 examples, which Douglas Walton, a leading authority in the field of informal logic, discusses and evaluates in clear, illustrative detail. Walton explains how errors, fallacies, and other key failures of argument occur. He shows how correct uses of argument are based on sound strategies for reasoned persuasion and critical responses. Among the many subjects covered are: forms of valid argument, defeasible arguments, relevance, appeals to emotion, personal attack, straw man argument, jumping to a conclusion, uses and abuses of expert opinion, problems in drawing conclusions from polls and statistics, loaded terms, equivocation, arguments from analogy, and techniques of posing, replying to, and criticizing questions.  This new edition takes into account many new developments in the field of argumentation study that have occurred since 1989, many created by the author. Drawing on these developments, Walton includes and analyzes 36 new topical examples and also brings in recent work on argumentation schemes.  Ideally suited for use in courses in informal logic and introduction to philosophy, this book will also be valuable to students of pragmatics, rhetoric, and speech communication.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-50x66.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>2008</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">2944704</id>
  <isbn>0521530202</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780521530200</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation]]>
  </title>
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  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2944704.Fundamentals_of_Critical_Argumentation</link>
  <average_rating>4.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>2</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Presenting the basic tools for the identification, analysis, and evaluation of common arguments for beginners, this book informs by using examples of arguments in dialogues, both in the text itself and in the exercises. (Examples of controversial legal, political, and ethical arguments are analyzed.) Illustrating the most common kinds of arguments, the book also explains how to evaluate each kind by critical questioning. Douglas Walton demonstrates the reasonable nature of arguments under the right dialogue conditions by using critical questions to evaluate them.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-50x66.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>2005</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">1218556</id>
  <isbn>0271014741</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780271014746</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Arguments from Ignorance]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-111x148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1218556.Arguments_from_Ignorance</link>
  <average_rating>4.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>1</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Arguments from Ignorance explores the situations in which the argument from ignorance (also known as the lack-of-knowledge inference, negative evidence, or default reasoning) functions as a respectable form of reasoning and those in which it is indeed fallacious. Douglas Walton draws on everyday conversations on all kinds of practical matters in which the argumentum and ignorantiam is used quite appropriately to infer conclusions. He also discusses the inappropriate use of this kind of argument, referring to various major case studies, including the Salem witchcraft trials, the McCarthy hearings, and the Alger Hiss case. This book makes an original contribution in the areas of argumentation theory and informal logic, contending that, despite its traditional classification as a fallacy, the argument from ignorance is a genuine, very common, and legitimate type of argumentation with an identifiable structure. But the book is also interdisciplinary in scope, explaining many widely interesting and controversial,subjects in artificial intelligence, medical education, philosophy of science, and philosophy of law in a clear way that makes it accessible to a broad range of readers. <br/>]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1996</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">1639219</id>
  <isbn>0271008539</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780271008530</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[The Place of Emotion in Argument]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1186200009m/1639219.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1186200009s/1639219.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1639219.The_Place_of_Emotion_in_Argument</link>
  <average_rating>3.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>1</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Appeals to emotion—pity, fear, popular sentiment, and ad hominem attacks—are commonly used in argumentation. Instead of dismissing these appeals as fallacious wherever they occur, as many do, Walton urges that each use be judged on its merits. He distinguished three main categories of evaluation. <br/><br/>First, is it reasonable, even if not conclusive, as an argument? <br/><br/>Second, is it weak and therefore open to critical questioning for argument? <br/><br/>And third, is it fallacious? The third category is a strong charge that incurs a critical buren to back it up by citing evidence from the given text and context of dialogue.<br/><br/>Walton used fifty-six case studies to demonstrate that the problem of emotional fallcies is much subtler than has been previously believed. Ranging over commercial advertisements, political debates, union-management negotiations, and ethical disputes, the case studies reveal that these four types of appeals, while based on presumptive reasoning that it tentative and subject to default, are not always or necessarily fallacious types of argumentation.<br/><br/>]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-50x66.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1992</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">1059148</id>
  <isbn>0791434621</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780791434628</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Appeal to Pity: Argumentum Ad Misericordiam (Suny Series in Logic and Language)]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1180631225m/1059148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1180631225s/1059148.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1059148.Appeal_to_Pity_Argumentum_Ad_Misericordiam</link>
  <average_rating>3.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>1</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Appeal to pity has frequently been exploited with amazing success as a deceptive tactic of argumentation, so much so that it has traditionally been treated as a fallacy. Using a case study method, the author examines examples of appeals to pity and compassion in real arguments in order to classify, analyze, and evaluate the types of arguments used in these appeals. Among the cases studied are the controversial use of &quot;poster kids&quot; in the Jerry Lewis Telethon for Muscular Dystrophy and the &quot;baby incubators story&quot; deployed by a public relations firm to influence the decision to send U.S. forces into Kuwait during the Gulf War. In addition to the analyses of these and other case studies, this book provides, for the first time, precise guidelines and useful criteria with which to identify, analyze, and evaluate instances of the ad misericordiam argument.]]>
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    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-50x66.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1997</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">6833017</id>
  <isbn>0271018186</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780271018188</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Appeal to Popular Opinion]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-111x148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6833017-appeal-to-popular-opinion</link>
  <average_rating>0.0</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>0</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[This volume evaluates the meaning of popular opinion. The author argues that there is a genuine type of argumentation based on commonly accepted opinions and presumptions that should represent a stand of rational decision-making on important issues.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1998</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">6509492</id>
  <isbn>0802071376</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780802071378</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Argument Structure: A Pragmatic Theory]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-111x148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6509492-argument-structure</link>
  <average_rating>0.0</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>0</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-50x66.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1996</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">5935758</id>
  <isbn>0791442675</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780791442678</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[One-Sided Arguments: A Dialectical Analysis of Bias (S U N Y Series in Logic and Language)]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-111x148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/5935758.One_Sided_Arguments_A_Dialectical_Analysis_of_Bias</link>
  <average_rating>0.0</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>0</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[We often feel that an argument should be doubted or held as suspicious because it has a bias. But bias isn't always wrong. It is a normal phenomenon in advocacy argumentation, and in many cases it is to be expected. Yet sometimes bias can be quite harmful in argumentation. In this book, bias is defined as one-sided advocacy of a point of view in argumentation. It is shown to be harmful, or properly subject to critical condemnation, only when the dialogue exchange is supposed to be a balanced, two-sided exchange of viewpoints.    <p>The book concedes the postmodernist premise that bias is quite normal in everyday conversational arguments, and that a finding of bias should not, by itself, constitute grounds for criticizing an argument as critically deficient or fallacious. But the book strongly disagrees with the postmodernist conclusion that no standard of rationality can be brought to bear to condemn narrowly interest-based or one-sided arguments as biased. It is argued that in some cases narrow, one-sided partisanship in an argument is justifiably a basis for negative criticism of the worth of the argument.</p>]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1999</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">5647470</id>
  <isbn>0271016949</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780271016948</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Appeal to Expert Opinion: Arguments from Authority]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-111x148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/5647470.Appeal_to_Expert_Opinion_Arguments_from_Authority</link>
  <average_rating>0.0</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>0</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Designed to be a pragmatic approach, based on developments in argumentative theory, and analyzing appeal to expert opinion as a form of argument. The book identifies the requirements that make an appeal to expert opinion a reasonable or unreasonable argument.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>255092</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Douglas N. Walton]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-50x66.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/255092.Douglas_N_Walton]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.76</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>21</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>3</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1997</published>
</book>

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