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  <id>118600</id>
  <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
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  <about><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty (pronounced [mɔʁis mɛʁlopɔ̃ti] in French; March 14, 1908 – May 3, 1961) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. At the core of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is a sustained argument for the foundational role that perception plays in understanding the world as well as engaging with the world. Like the other major phenomenologists Merleau-Ponty expressed his philosophical insights in writings on art, literature, and politics; however Merleau-Ponty was the only major phenomenologist of the first half of the Twentieth Century to engage extensively with the sciences, and especially with descriptive psychology. Because of this engagement, his writings have become influential with the recent project of naturalizing phenomenology in which phenomenologists utilize the results of psychology and cognitive science.<br/><br/>Merleau-Ponty was born in Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime. His father was killed in World War 1 when Merleau-Ponty was 3. After secondary schooling at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, Maurice Merleau-Ponty became a student at the École Normale Supérieure, where he studied alongside Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Simone Weil. He passed the agrégation in philosophy in 1930.<br/><br/>Merleau-Ponty first taught at Chartres, then became a tutor at the École Normale Supérieure, where he was awarded his doctorate on the basis of two important books: La structure du comportement (1942) and Phénoménologie de la Perception (1945).<br/><br/>After teaching at the University of Lyon from 1945 to 1948, Merleau-Ponty lectured on child psychology and education at the Sorbonne from 1949 to 1952. He was awarded the Chair of Philosophy at the Collège de France from 1952 until his death in 1961, making him the youngest person to have been elected to a Chair.<br/><br/>Besides his teaching, Merleau-Ponty was also political editor for Les Temps Modernes from the founding of the journal in October 1945 until December 1952. Aged 53, he died suddenly of a stroke in 1961, apparently while preparing for a class on Descartes. He was buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.<br/><br/>]]></about>
  <influences><![CDATA[Descartes, Kant, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Levinas, Nietzsche, Bergson, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Arendt]]></influences>
  <gender>male</gender>
  <hometown>Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime</hometown>
  <born_at>1908/03/14</born_at>
  <died_at>1961/05/03</died_at>
  
  <books>
        <book>
  <id type="integer">18279</id>
  <isbn>0415278414</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780415278416</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">17</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Phenomenology of Perception]]>
  </title>
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  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18279.Phenomenology_of_Perception</link>
  <average_rating>4.26</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>179</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[<p>Impressive in both scope and imagination, it uses the example of perception to return the body to the forefront of philosophy for the first time since Plato.</p>]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1976</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">203348</id>
  <isbn>0810104571</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780810104570</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">4</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[The Visible and the Invisible]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646274m/203348.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646274s/203348.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/203348.The_Visible_and_the_Invisible</link>
  <average_rating>4.31</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>62</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[This book contains the unfinished manuscript and working notes of the book Merleau-Ponty was writing when he died. The text is devoted to a critical examination of Kantian, Husserlian, Bergsonian, and Sartrean method, followed by one extraordinary chapter, 'The Intertwining - The Chiasm, ' that reveals the central pattern of Merleau-Ponty's own thought. The working notes for the book provide the reader with a truly exciting insight into the mind of the philosopher at work as he refines and develops new pivotal concepts.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1969</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">203350</id>
  <isbn>0810101645</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780810101647</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[The Primacy of Perception: And Other Essays on Phenomenological Psychology, the Philosophy of Art, History and Politics]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646275m/203350.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646275s/203350.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/203350.The_Primacy_of_Perception_And_Other_Essays_on_Phenomenological_Psychology_the_Philosophy_of_Art_History_and_Politics</link>
  <average_rating>4.07</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>42</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[This book consists of Northwestern University Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p2/118600.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1964</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">211009</id>
  <isbn>0810101661</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780810101661</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Sense and Nonsense]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1255710890m/211009.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1255710890s/211009.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/211009.Sense_and_Nonsense</link>
  <average_rating>4.00</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>22</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Written when Merleau-Ponty's interest had just broadened from epistemology and the behavioral sciences to include aesthetics, ethics, political theory, and politics, Sense and Nonsense is the best introduction to Merleau-Ponty's thought, for it both summarizes his previous insights and gives them their widest range of application.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p2/118600.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1964</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">203356</id>
  <isbn>041531271X</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780415312714</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">4</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[The World of Perception]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646277m/203356.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646277s/203356.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/203356.The_World_of_Perception</link>
  <average_rating>3.94</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>17</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[<p>&quot;Painting does not imitate the world, but is a world of its own.&quot;<br/><br/>In 1948, Maurice Merleau-Ponty wrote and delivered on French radio a series of seven lectures on the theme of perception. Translated here into English for the first time, they offer a lucid and concise insight into one of the great philosophical minds of the twentieth-century.<br/><br/>The lectures explore themes central not only to Merleau-Ponty's philosophy but to phenomenology as a whole. He begins by rejecting the idea - inherited from Descartes and influential within science - that perception is unreliable, prone to distort the world around us. Merleau-Ponty instead argues that perception is inseparable from our senses and it is how we make sense of the world. <br/><br/>Merleau-Ponty explores this guiding theme through a brilliant series of reflections on science, space, our relationships with others, animal life and art. Throughout, he argues that perception is never something learned and then applied to the world. As creatures with embodied minds, he reminds us that we are born perceiving and share with other animals and infants a state of constant, raw, unpredictable contact with the world. He provides vivid examples with the help of Kafka, animal behavior and above all modern art, particularly the work of Cezanne.<br/><br/>A thought-provoking and crystalline exploration of consciousness and the senses, <em>The World of</em> <em>Perception</em> is essential reading for anyone interested in the work of Merleau-Ponty, twentieth-century philosophy and art.</p>]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
    <author>
    <id>221039</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Oliver Davis]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-200x266.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/images/nophoto/nophoto-U-50x66.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/221039.Oliver_Davis]]></link>
    <average_rating>3.94</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>17</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>4</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>2004</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">203388</id>
  <isbn>0820701637</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780820701639</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">2</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Structure of Behavior]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646309m/203388.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646309s/203388.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/203388.Structure_of_Behavior</link>
  <average_rating>3.92</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>13</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p2/118600.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1983</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">203351</id>
  <isbn>0810114461</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780810114463</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">1</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Nature: Course Notes from the Collège de France]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646275m/203351.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1172646275s/203351.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/203351.Nature_Course_Notes_from_the_Coll_ge_de_France</link>
  <average_rating>4.50</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>10</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[Collected here are the written traces of courses on the concepts of nature given by Maurice Merieau-Ponty at the College de France in the 1950s--notes that provide a window on the thinking of one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century. In two courses distilled by a student and in a third composed of Merieau-Ponty's own notes, the ideas that animated the philosopher's lectures and that informed his later publications emerge in an early, fluid form in the process of being eleborated, negotiated, critiqued, and reconsidered.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>2003</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">203354</id>
  <isbn>0810101688</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780810101685</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Signs]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-111x148.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://www.goodreads.com/images/nocover-60x80.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/203354.Signs</link>
  <average_rating>4.44</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>9</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1964</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">769906</id>
  <isbn>0807002771</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780807002773</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">1</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[Humanism and Terror: An Essay on the Communist Problem]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1178202943m/769906.jpg</image_url>
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  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/769906.Humanism_and_Terror_An_Essay_on_the_Communist_Problem</link>
  <average_rating>3.80</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>10</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[An Essay on the Communist Problem.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
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    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1980</published>
</book>

        <book>
  <id type="integer">203357</id>
  <isbn>0810106159</isbn>
  <isbn13>9780810106154</isbn13>
  <text_reviews_count type="integer">0</text_reviews_count>
  <title>
    <![CDATA[The Prose of the World]]>
  </title>
  <image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1201741086m/203357.jpg</image_url>
  <small_image_url>http://photo.goodreads.com/books/1201741086s/203357.jpg</small_image_url>
  <link>http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/203357.The_Prose_of_the_World</link>
  <average_rating>4.62</average_rating>
  <ratings_count>8</ratings_count>
  <description>
    <![CDATA[The work which this author planned to call The Prose of the World, or Introduction to the Prose of the World, is unfinished. There is good reason to believe that he deliberately abandoned it and that, he had lived, he would not have completed it, at least in the form that he first outlined. Once finished, the book was to constitute the first section of a two-part work--the second would have had a more distinct metaphysical nature--whose aim was to offer us, as an extension of the Phenomenology of Perception, a theory of truth.]]>
  </description>
<authors>
    <author>
    <id>118600</id>
        <name><![CDATA[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]]></name>
    <image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p5/118600.jpg]]></image_url>
    <small_image_url><![CDATA[http://photo.goodreads.com/authors/1226812798p2/118600.jpg]]></small_image_url>
    <link><![CDATA[http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/118600.Maurice_Merleau_Ponty]]></link>
    <average_rating>4.18</average_rating>
    <ratings_count>426</ratings_count>
    <text_reviews_count>34</text_reviews_count>
  </author>
  </authors>  <published>1973</published>
</book>

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